The fallout following the M/V Dali accident which caused the collapse of the Francis Scott Key bridge in Baltimore in March 2024 continues to make the news headlines and is likely to do so for many months to come. Now the vessel’s builder, HD Hyundai, has weighed in to respond. It says changes made after delivery bypassed critical redundancies, triggering the second Dali blackout that left the ship without propulsion or steering in the critical moments before the bridge strike.
HD Hyundai Heavy Industries has issued a detailed and robust defence of the vessel’s original design following the National Transportation Safety Board’s (NTSB) investigation into the ship’s collision with Baltimore’s Francis Scott Key Bridge.
The NTSB determined that the probable cause of the collision was a loss of electrical power due to a loose signal wire connection stemming from improper wire-label banding installation, resulting in the vessel’s loss of propulsion and steering near the bridge. The agency also made a recommendation to HD Hyundai Heavy Industries, the Dali’s builder, to incorporate proper wire-label banding installation methods into its electrical department’s standard operating procedures.
In its statement, the South Korean shipbuilder emphasized that the M/V Dali was delivered with extensive redundant systems and automatic restart capabilities designed to prevent catastrophic failures. “Container ships like the M/V Dali are, as NTSB described, floating cities’” the company stated, noting that such vessels have onboard power plants and are built with safeguards to deal with “the inevitable unpredictability of running a complex system in a harsh environment.”
According to HD Hyundai, the vessel was originally equipped with four independent diesel generators, two independent transformers, and fuel supply pumps set to automatic mode that would restart without crew intervention after a power outage. These redundancies, the shipbuilder noted, are required by relevant classification societies.
However, the company alleges that “some time after taking possession of the M/V Dali, the shipowner and operator circumvented the ship’s safeguards by compromising its critical redundancies.” Specifically, HD Hyundai claims the operators replaced automatic fuel supply pumps with an electrical flushing pump – single-point system designed for cleaning, not fuel supply, that can only be restarted manually and lacks critical protections.
“Using the flushing pump as a fuel supply pump sacrificed both redundancy and automation of the fuel supply system and violated established classification rules,” the statement read.
On the day of the incident, the vessel experienced two blackouts. The first was caused by a wire disconnecting from a terminal block in the transformer system. Because the transformer was being used in manual mode rather than automatic, the crew had to manually switch to the backup transformer. However, when making this switch, “the crew did not restart the flushing pump that had been supplying fuel to the operating generators, starving the generators of fuel and resulting in another blackout,” according to HD Hyundai.
The shipbuilder contends that had the vessel’s systems been used as designed and manufactured, “power would have been restored within seconds, and the second blackout, which led to the tragedy, would not have happened.”
The NTSB also found fault with the vessel’s operations. “Although not causal to the initial underway blackout, [the NTSB] found that the crew’s operation of the flushing pump as the service pump for online diesel generators was inappropriate because the necessary fuel pressure for diesel generators 3 and 4 would not be automatically re-established after a blackout,” the agency said in its report.
The NTSB report further explained: “As a result, the flushing pump did not restart after the initial underway blackout and stopped supplying pressurized fuel to the diesel generators 3 and 4, thus causing the second underway blackout (low-voltage and high-voltage).” The NTSB found that operational oversight by Synergy, the Dali’s operator, was inadequate.
The NTSB noted that routine inspection over the past decade should have identified the loose wire, while HD Hyundai emphasized that “it was incumbent on the ship’s owner and operator to engage in regular and appropriate inspection and maintenance to ensure that the systems and components on the ship remained in seaworthy condition.”
The NTSB also identified contributing factors beyond the vessel’s systems, including the lack of bridge countermeasures and ineffective communications to warn highway workers to evacuate. The agency issued urgent recommendations to multiple federal agencies and bridge owners nationwide to assess vulnerability and implement risk reduction strategies.
In its conclusion, HD Hyundai stated, “The M/V Dali’s shipowner and operator used the vessel’s systems improperly and neglected their continuing inspection and maintenance obligations. They cut corners and violated class rules, which ultimately led to the tragic incident.”